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| REVIEW ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2018 | Volume
: 2
| Issue : 2 | Page : 35-40 |
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Role of periostin in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review
Sandhya Sundar, Pratibha Ramani, Herald J Sherlin, Gifrina Jayaraj
Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| Date of Web Publication | 24-Jun-2019 |
Correspondence Address:
Sandhya Sundar
Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/ijofb.ijofb_2_19
Background: Like any other cancer, tumor microenvironment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is closely connected to every step of its tumorigenesis. Periostin is a unique multifunctional extracellular matrix protein found to be overexpressed in various types of human cancers. Objective: The objective of this systematic review is to critically analyze various studies in literature that have reported the expression of emerging novel tumor marker “PERIOSTIN” and to determine its role in OSCC. Materials and Methods: Articles on periostin in relation to OSCC were searched in PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and a thorough Google search was done. Hand search of Journals was also performed. Of nine potentially relevant articles, four were excluded on the grounds of exclusion criteria, and one was excluded being a review article. However, one article was included by internet search and hand search. Of the total of five relevant articles reviewed, the resulting data were collected and tabulated. Results: All the five studies reviewed demonstrated an upregulation of periostin in OSCC. Among the five, two studies showed a positive correlation of periostin with the invasive patterns of OSCC. Two of the studies correlated the expression of periostin with angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Four of the five articles reviewed, showed a significant correlation of periostin expression with metastasis of OSCC. Conclusion: The inference drawn from this systematic review is that the periostin plays an important role in tumor progression including invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis of OSCC raising the possibility that it could be used as a molecular target in the therapy of OSCC patients.
Keywords: Oral squamous cell carcinoma, osteoblast-specific factor-2, prognosis, periostin
How to cite this article:
Sundar S, Ramani P, Sherlin HJ, Jayaraj G. Role of periostin in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review. Int J Orofac Biol 2018;2:35-40 |
How to cite this URL:
Sundar S, Ramani P, Sherlin HJ, Jayaraj G. Role of periostin in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review. Int J Orofac Biol [serial online] 2018 [cited 2023 Jun 3];2:35-40. Available from: https://www.ijofb.org/text.asp?2018/2/2/35/261159 |
| Introduction | |  |
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the malignant neoplasm with increased propensity for local invasion and early lymph node metastasis. The recent trends have shown its increased incidence among younger patients (<40 years), females and are typically associated with risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and betel-quid chewing.[1]
Oral carcinogenesis is a complex and dynamic process with the tumor environment (formed by extracellular matrix [ECM] and stromal cells) playing an important role in every step of tumorigenesis. ECM has complementary effects on development and metastasis of tumors in diverse ways: through extracellular secretion, altering phenotype of stromal or tumor cells, getting away with immune surveillance, and providing hypoxic environment.[2]
Periostin is a unique ECM protein found in collagen-rich connective tissues and encoded by POSTN gene. It belongs to the superfamily of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-inducible proteins.[3] As a secreted protein, periostin is mainly expressed by fibroblasts in the stroma; other bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and mesenchymal stem cells and their derivatives.
Recently, periostin was found to be overexpressed in various types of human cancers such as non-small cell lung carcinoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Periostin expression was well correlated with their malignant behavior such as invasion, metastasis, and poor survival. Although periostin may play an important role for tumor progression in various types of cancer, some studies have reported it to be tumor suppressor in bladder carcinoma and osteosarcoma.[4]
Hence, this Systematic review aims to critically analyze various studies on the expression of periostin in OSCC and determine its role in tumor progression, prognosis, and its possibility as a therapeutic target.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Search strategy for identification of the studies
The Search strategy was in accordance with the Cochrane guideline for the systematic review. A search in PubMed.gov and embase.com was performed, using identical search strings till the year 2017. Search strategy used terms for two categories – OSCC and periostin. Due to scarcity of studies relating periostin to OSCC, a timeline was not included in the search, and all the possible articles were exhausted. The article search included only those studies done on humans that are published in the English literature.
Selection of studies
The selection of qualified studies was performed in three stages. The first stage was based on the title alone. The second stage was based on the abstract using the inclusion criteria, and the third stage of selection was based on the full-text article.
The hand search was carried out of the reference lists of the studies entering the review, in order to identify studies not found in the original search. The data were then extracted, tabulated, and analyzed. The process is shown in [Figure 1].
Level of evidence
Each study was evaluated for the level of evidence as per Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine levels of evidence (March 2009). The level of evidence for all the included studies is summarized in [Table 1]. | Table 1: Level of evidence as per oxford centre for evidence-based medicine levels of evidence (March 2009)
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| Results | | |
The search strategy identified five studies[5],[6],[7],[8],[9] that determine the expression and various roles of periostin in the pathogenesis of OSCC. The studies have been done either using tumor tissue samples or serum from oral cancer patients. All the five included studies[5],[6],[7],[8],[9] have shown increased expression of periostin in OSCC and its association with poor prognosis in OSCC. In two studies, the expression of periostin was compared with the invasive histopathology patterns.[5],[6] Studies have shown the expression of periostin in relation to angiogenesis[5] and lymphangiogenesis.[8] Four studies have shown that increased expression of periostin is associated with metastasis.[5],[6],[7],[8] The detailed description of the studies is summarized in [Table 2]. Description of excluded studies[10],[11],[12],[13] are given in [Table 3].
| Discussion | | |
OSCC is one of the most common types of human cancer with very high mortality rate and failure of treatment options, despite advances of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The identification of novel invasion and metastasis-related molecules in OSCC and better understanding of mechanisms by which carcinoma cells undergo invasion and metastasis are of fundamental importance for better treat this disease.[4]
The knowledge of periostin has expanded from its recognized functions in embryogenesis, bone metabolism, to role in tissue repair and implications in cancer. For the last few years, numerous studies have described the role of periostin in the process of oncogenesis. The exact mechanism responsible for the effect of periostin on the progression of cancer and its metastasis is still subject of intense research.[14]
The systematic review analyzed a total of five studies which were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria in which various variables such as periostin protein and POSTN gene have been studied to ascertain the role of periostin protein in OSCC using human tumor tissue samples and serum samples. The pooled data were taken into consideration to determine the significant role of periostin and its potential as a novel prognostic indicator in OSCC.
Expression of periostin in oral squamous cell carcinoma
On analysis of the selected articles, all the five relevant articles by Siriwardena et al.,[5] Kudo et al.,[6] Choi et al.,[7] Kudo et al.,[8] and Qin[9]et al., highlighted increased expression of periostin with the mean expression level of 71.84%. Cumulative findings suggest that high expression of Periostin is associated with tumor progression in OSCC. Periostin binds to integrin through its FAS1 domain. This interaction leads to tumor progression by the activation of cytosolic signaling cascades to mediate cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell migration.[4] This tumor progression confers with the phenotypic attributes of excessive growth, local invasiveness, and the ability to form distant metastases.[15]
Peter Choi et al.[7] and Xing Qin et al.[9] showed that periostin expression was mainly localization to the tumor stroma while Siriwardena et al.,[5] Kudo Y et al.[6] and Kudo Y et al.[8] demonstrated periostin expression in the cytoplasm of the carcinoma cells. Although the expression of periostin was slightly increased in tumor cells, Xing et al.[9] showed that periostin was highly enriched in the stroma of cancer tissues and produced mainly by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). The TGF-β3 regulated production of periostin by CAF modulated a tumor-supportive microenvironment resulting in the cancer cell proliferation, colonization, invasion, and migration leading to metastasis.
Role of periostin in invasiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Invasion forms an important step in the spread of tumors. Invasive tumors are more aggressive and frequently associated with metastases and poor prognosis. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), ECM macromolecules, and neovascularization within the stroma of the tumor can have profound effects on the invasion of cancer cells.[16],[17] With recent attempts to identify markers of invasion and metastases, the clinician's ability to target them therapeutically will be greatly enhanced.
Siriwardena et al.[5] and Kudo Y et al.[6] correlated levels of periostin expression with Jacobsson's invasive histopathology patterns[18] in OSCC cases. On an average, 85.6% of periostin expressing tumors showed highly invasive histopathology pattern (pattern III and pattern IV) suggesting that periostin positive cases frequently detaches from the tumor nests. Kudo Y et al.[6] showed that periostin-integrin interaction may inhibit ECM-integrin interaction and trigger intracellular signaling and activation of certain genes involved in invasion and anchorage-independent growth of OSCC. This periostin promoted invasion and anchorage-independent growth are important for cancer metastasis. Siriwardena et al.[5] identified periostin as an invasion-promoting factor by demonstrating the highest fold change expression of periostin in the invasive clones of OSCC cells.
Moreover, periostin-transfected cells showed morphological changes as well as an increase in the expression of mesenchymal markers. This suggests that periostin confers an invasive phenotype to periostin expressing tumors through epithelial mesenchymal transformation.[19-21]
Role of periostin in lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma
The most important poor prognostic indicator of OSCC is the cervical lymph node involvement. Lymphangiogenesis can occur adjacent to or within cancers and correlates with lymph node metastasis.[22] The number of lymph vessels in both intratumoral and peritumoral areas are associated with an increased tendency for nodal metastasis. Kudo et al.[8] showed periostin to be direct/indirect promoter of tumor lymphangiogenesis. The periostin mediated activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C)/Flt-4 axis in lymphatic endothelial cells increases the formation of lymphatic vessels within and around tumors.
Siriwardena et al.[5] reported that periostin expression was well associated with blood vessels density. Periostin secreted by tumor cells acts in a paracrine manner to augment the survival of endothelial cells and induce neovascularization.[5] In endothelial cells, periostin promotes angiogenesis through the upregulation of VEGF-A/Flk-1/KDR expression through the integrin avb3-FAK-mediated signaling pathway.[23] This periostin-integrin interaction-mediated activation of angiogenesis is another mode through which metastasis occurs in OSCC.
Thus, Mutual interactions between periostin and VEGFs, VEGF-A, and VEGF-C play the key role in the initiation of new blood vessel and lymphatic vessel formation within and around tumors respectively that can facilitate metastasis.
Role of periostin in metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients. Attempts to identify the genes and proteins involved in the metastasis are pivotal for early detection of cancer behavior. Siriwardena et al.,[5] Kudo Y et al.,[6] Peter Choi et al.,[7] Kudo Y et al.,[8] and Xing Qin et al.[9] demonstrated higher expression of periostin in OSCC tissue of patients with lymph node metastasis confirming that overexpression of periostin might contribute to malignant potential. Similar to the study results of Bao et al.[24] and Sasaki et al.[25] All the five articles[5],[6],[7],[8],[9] reviewed gave a good clinicopathological correlation of metastasis in periostin-positive cases of OSCC with mean metastasis level of 90.25% observed in periostin expressing tumors.
Thus, this suggests invasion, cellular survival, and angiogenesis mediated by periostin may be involved in the process of metastasis and periostin may be a candidate for early prediction of metastasis in cancer.
From these, we evince that elevated levels of periostin lead to tumor growth by subsequent angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, cancer cell survival, increased invasion through epithelial-mesenchymal transition process, and metastasis substantiating their potential as a poor prognostic indicator of OSCC.
| Conclusion | | |
This systematic review identified that periostin plays a significant role in tumor progression including invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis in OSCC and may be considered a potential therapeutic target.
Implications for practice
Periostin plays an important role in tumor progression, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Thus, it can be a useful marker to predict the prognosis of OSCC.
Implications for research
Periostin should be studied prospectively for its prognostic value and the role as a therapeutic target in OSCC.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest
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[Figure 1]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
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