Periodontitis is a multifactorial, immunomodulatory disease primarily affecting the supporting tissues of the teeth. Various treatment modalities such as mechanical debridement and use of antimicrobial drugs have been used in the treatment of periodontal diseases. Introduction of the local drug delivery (LDD) system is one of the promising approaches in the management of periodontal diseases. It shows better clinical outcomes, when used as an adjunct to scaling and root planning; hence, it cannot be used as a monotherapy. Research efforts have been focused on developing new agents to use in the LDD system.

Chemokines are tiny proteins that regulate the movement of cells. In mammals, a large family of these compounds has been identified, with almost 50 members. There are four groups within this family, each distinguished by the spacing of two N-terminal cysteines, which form disulphide bonds with two other cysteine residues to generate the tertiary structure that chemokines are known for. Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine that was once considered to be produced only by leukocytes but has now been discovered to be produced by a variety of different bodily cells. They are involved in immune cell activation and differentiation, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They have anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects as well. Interleukins' major function is to control growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immunological reactions. Interleukins are a wide category of proteins that connect to high-affinity receptors on cell surfaces and can cause a variety of responses in cells and tissues. They work in both a paracrine and autocrine manner.

Context: Mitosis is the process of nuclear cell division. Increased mitosis causes excessive proliferation of cells which is observed in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, there is always problem in differentiating a mitotic cell from an apoptotic cell, during routine staining procedures, which affect the reliability of histological grading of OSCC. Recently, several methods have been implemented in identifying these mitotic figures (MFs), but they seem to be time-consuming and expensive which makes them less feasible. Thus, an effort was done to evaluate the efficacy of crystal violet and Feulgen stains in identifying MFs along with routine hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) in OSCC. Aim: In the identification of MFs in diagnosed cases of OSCC using crystal violet and Feulgen stains and H and E stain. Settings and Design: This was a retrospective study. Materials and Methods: The study sample includes five tissue sections of moderately-differentiated and well-differentiated OSCC each and four sections of poorly differentiated which were stained with H and E, Feulgen, and 1% crystal violet stains, and the number of MFs was enumerated. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Results: The results from our study showed that 1% crystal violet-stained MFs are better than H and E and Feulgen stains. Conclusion: Crystal violet stain can be considered as a simple, reliable, cost-effective, and reproducible method of staining MFs.

Granulomatous infections are chronic inflammatory disorders caused by a variety of infectious and noninfectious factors. They can be localized or a symptom of a systemic, disseminated disease. Oral signs of granulomatous inflammation, like skin indications, are frequently vague in appearance. As a result, identifying the underlying source of inflammation can be difficult in the absence of overt foreign material or a known infectious pathogen. This review aims to discuss a case report which imposed a diagnostic challenge. The etiology and histopathogenesis of commonly encountered oral granulomatous lesions are also reviewed.